Manuscripts of his writings are usually divided into two groups: mutili (mutilated) and integri (whole; undamaged). In the days of our forefathers, Titus Manlius Torquatus, during a war with the Gauls, ordered his own son to be put to death, because he had fought with an enemy contrary to orders. The case is, assuredly, dangerous, but you do not fear it; yes, you fear it greatly, but you hesitate how to act, through weakness and want of spirit, waiting one for another, and trusting to the immortal gods, who have so often preserved your country in the greatest dangers. The main sources on it are both hostile: Sallust's monograph Bellum Catilinae and Cicero's Catilinarian orations. The assassins, in consequence, were refused admission, and found that they had undertaken such an attempt only to be disappointed. But to what end, in the name of the eternal gods! Caesar, when it came to his turn, being asked his opinion by the consul, spoke to the following effect: And this crime appears to me to have been the chief cause of hurrying forward the conspiracy. 3. Blankingship & Keith, P.C. If we conquer, all will be safe, we shall have provisions in abundance; and the colonies and corporate towns will open their gates to us. 25 In the number of these ladies was Sempronia, a woman who had committed many crimes with the spirit of a man. Who I am, you will learn from the person whom I have sent to you. Our goals are: 1. THE INTRODUCTION, I.-IV.The character of Catiline, V.Virtues of the ancient Romans, VI.-IX.Degeneracy of their posterity, X.-XIII.Catilines associates and supporters, and the arts by which he collected them, XIV.His crimes and wretchedness, XV.His tuition of his accomplices, and resolution to subvert the government, XVI.His convocation of the conspirators, and their names, XVII.His concern in a former conspiracy, XVIII. We have therefore only to make a beginning; the course of events will accomplish the rest. WebSummary The history begins with a brief preface on the nature of man, history, and a brief autobiography of Sallust himself. Look here. Webantagonist in Sallusts Bellum Catilinae 51 and 52. But because writers of great talent flourished there, the actions of the Athenians are celebrated over the world as the most splendid of achievements. 25 terms. As Antonius approached with his army, Catiline directed his march over the hills, encamping, at one time, in the direction of Rome, at another in that of Gaul. shee-ma. But on these subjects I shall say no more. To recognize basic rhetorical devices used by Sallust. Free postage. The Histories, of which only fragments remain, describes the history of Rome from 78 to at least 67 bc on a year-to-year basis. 3 To act well for the Commonwealth is noble, and even to speak well for it is not without merits. These vices at first advanced but slowly, and were sometimes restrained by correction; but afterwards, when their infection had spread like a pestilence, the state was entirely changed, and the government, from being the most equitable and praiseworthy, became rapacious and insupportable. John C. Rolfe (1921) (transcription project) This work was published before January 1, 1928, and is in the is in our own hands. [10] Michael Grant cautiously offers 80s BC. Caesar grew eminent by generosity and munificence; Cato by the integrity of his life. WebReexamines Sallust's description of the alleged massacre of Italians in Cirta in the Bellum Jugurthinum. Rhetorical Terms. [22] Mommsen identified this Sallustius with Sallust the historian, but Broughton argued that Sallust the historian would not have been an assistant to Caesar's adversary or, as an ex-plebeian tribune, have taken the lowly title legatus pro quaestore. 53 When Cato had resumed his seat, all the senators of consular dignity, and a great part of the rest, applauded his opinion, and extolled his firmness of mind to the skies. [77] Aulus Gellius saved Pollio's unfavorable statement about Sallust's style via quote. Being a military man, and having served with great reputation, for more than thirty years, as tribune, praefect, lieutenant, or praetor, he knew most of the soldiers and their honorable actions, and, by calling these to their remembrance, roused the spirits of the men. In the trial that followed, Cicero defended Milo, while Sallust and his fellow tribunes harangued the people in speeches attacking Cicero. Sallusts family was Sabine and probably belonged to the local aristocracy, but he was the only member known to have served in the Roman Senate. We might, with the utmost ignominy, have passed the rest of our days in exile. Sallust presents Catiline as a deliberate foe of law, order and morality, and does not give a comprehensive explanation of his views and intentions (Catiline had supported the party of Sulla, whom Sallust had opposed). At length, when they had promised their assistance, he let them depart. The army of the enemy followed his example; and when they approached so near that the action could be commenced by the light-armed troops, both sides, with a loud shout, rushed together in a furious charge. Under the consulship of Lucius Tullus and Marcus Lepidus, Publius Autronius and Publius Sylla, having been tried for bribery under the laws against it, had paid the penalty of the offence. 9 Good morals, accordingly, were cultivated in the city and in the camp. Some of you, after losing your property, might have waited at Rome for assistance from others. WebColumbus, 1990. . Such propensities drove the youth, when their patrimonies were exhausted, to criminal practices; for their minds, impregnated with evil habits, could not easily abstain from gratifying their passions, and were thus the more inordinately devoted in every way to rapacity and extravagance. A separate page lists some of these for aid in reading. Sallust did not participate in military operations directly, but he commanded several ships and organized supply through the Kerkennah Islands. 31 By such proceedings as these the citizens were struck with alarm, and the appearance of the city was changed. And to the delight of moralists he revealed that Roman politics were not all that official rhetoric depicted them to be. Manlius and the Faesulan, sword in hand, were among the first that fell; and Catiline, when he saw his army routed, and himself left with but few supporters, remembering his birth and former dignity, rushed into the thickest of the enemy, where he was slain, fighting to the last. 86 B.C. In Form and Function in Roman Oratory, edited by D. H. Berry and Andrew Erskine, 22746. 4020 University Drive, Suite 300 He brings his narrative to a climax in a senatorial debate concerning the fate of the conspirators, which took place on Dec. 5, 63. But because I saw unworthy men ennobled with honors, and myself proscribed on groundless suspicion, I have, for this very reason, adopted a course, amply justifiable in my present circumstances, for preserving what honor is left to me. Let the enterprise itself, then, let the opportunity, let your poverty, your dangers, and the glorious spoils of war, animate you far more than my words. In these passages, Sallust reports the speeches given by Cato and Caesar to the Senate concerning Ciceros motion to summarily execute Lentulus and the other conspirators of Catilines coniuratio. To gratify appetite, they sought for every kind of production by land and by sea; they slept before there vas any inclination for sleep; they no longer waited to feel hunger, thirst, cold, or fatigue, but anticipated them all by luxurious indulgence. [55] More recent scholars agree, describing Sallust's style as "anti-Ciceronian", eschewing the harmonious structure of Cicero's sentences for short and abrupt descriptions. How easily these two tribes, though of different origin, dissimilar language, and opposite habits of life, formed a union when they met within the same walls, is almost incredible. Also importantly, much of Sallust's anti-corruption moralising is "blunted by his sanctimonious tone and by ancient accusations of corruption, which have made him out to be a remarkable hypocrite". [11] He received a very good education. [40] Martial joins the praise: "Sallust, according to the judgment of the learned, will rank as the prince of Roman historiographers". When you are once resigned to sloth and indolence, it is in vain that you implore the gods; for they are then indignant and threaten vengeance. Of these, Quintus Metellus Celer, the praetor, having brought several to trial, under the decree of the senate, had thrown them into prison, as had also Caius Muraena in Further Gaul, who governed that province in quality of legate. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He added that Piso was in Hither Spain, and Publius Sittius Nucerinus with an army in Mauritania, both of whom were privy to his plans; that Caius Antonius, whom he hoped to have for a colleague, was canvassing for the consulship, a man with whom he was intimate, and who was involved in all manner of embarrassments; and that, in conjunction with him, he himself, when consul, would commence operations. No one exercised the mind independently of the body; every man of ability chose to act rather than narrate, and was more desirous that his own merits should be celebrated by others, than that he himself should record theirs. Catiline then promised them the abolition of their debts; a proscription of the wealthy citizens; offices, sacerdotal duties, plunder, and all other gratifications which war, and the license of conquerors, can afford. But, of his whole army, only about a fourth part had the proper weapons of soldiers; the rest, as chance had equipped them, carried darts, spears, or sharpened stakes. Two years later, designated praetor, he was sent to quell a mutiny among Caesars troops, again without success. His first political office, which he held in 52, was that of a tribune of the plebs. Yet his proposal appears to me, I will not say cruel (for what can be cruel that is directed against such characters? The Gauls made a similar confession, and charged Lentulus, who began to affect ignorance, not only with the letter to Catiline, but with remarks which he was in the habit of making, that the sovereignty of Rome, by the Sibylline books, was predestined to three Cornelii, that Cinna and Sylla had ruled already; and that he himself was the third, whose fate it would be to govern the city; and that this, too, was the twentieth year since the Capitol was burnt; a year which the augurs, from certain omens, had often said would be stained with the blood of civil war. jack_26_12 PLUS. 50 While these occurrences were passing in the senate, and while rewards were being voted, on approbation of their evidence, to the Allobrogian deputies and to Titus Volturcius, the freedmen, and some of the other dependents of Lentulus, were urging the artisans and slaves, in various directions throughout the city, to attempt his rescue; some, too, applied to the ringleaders of the mob, who were always ready to disturb the state for pay. A digression in this work indicates that he considered party strife as the principal factor in the republics disintegration. Benson, J. M. Catiline and the Date of the Consular Elections of 63 BC.. WebHis first monograph, Bellum Catilinae (4342 bc; Catilines War), deals with corruption in Roman politics by tracing the conspiracy of Catiline, a ruthlessly ambitious patrician who Certain citizens, of the highest rank, have conspired to ruin their country; they are engaging the Gauls, the bitterest foes of the Roman name, to join in a war against us; the leader of the enemy is ready to make a descent upon us; and do you hesitate, even in such circumstances how to treat armed incendiaries arrested within your walls? In his extant monographs Bellum Catilinae and Bellum Jugurthinum, he displays a sardonic moralism, using history to emphasize the decadence of the dominant caste. As to Gabinius, Statilius, Coeparius, why should I make any remark upon them? 84, 89: Sallust paints a picture that is unsatisfactory in a number of ways. 39 After Pompey, however, was sent to the maritime and Mithridatic wars, the power of the people was diminished and the influence of the few increased. Thus, the merit of those who have acted is estimated at the highest point to which illustrious intellects could exalt it in their writings. Thus in the highest position there is the least liberty of action; and it becomes us to indulge neither partiality nor aversion, but least of all animosity; for what in others is called resentment, is in the powerful termed violence and cruelty. But our forefathers adorned the fanes of the deities with devotion, and their homes with their own glory, and took nothing from those whom they conquered but the power of doing harm; their descendants, on the contrary, the basest of mankind have even wrested from their allies, with the most flagrant injustice, whatever their brave and victorious ancestors had left to their vanquished enemies; as if the only use of power were to inflict injury. When the city is taken, no power is left to the vanquished. At first the love of money, and then that of power, began to prevail, and these became, as it were, the sources of every evil. But afterwards, when their lawless power gradually increased, they proceeded, at their pleasure, to kill the good and bad indiscriminately, and to strike terror into all; and thus the state, overpowered and enslaved, paid a heavy penalty for its imprudent exultation. But he also had the backing of Italys dissatisfied veterans, impoverished peasants, and overburdened debtors. They accordingly disclosed the whole affair, just as they had learned it, to Quintus Fabius Sanga, to whose patronage their state was very greatly indebted. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sallust. From the influence of riches, accordingly, luxury, avarice, and pride prevailed among the youth; they grew at once rapacious and prodigal; they undervalued what was their own, and coveted what was anothers; they set at naught modesty and continence; they lost all distinction between sacred and profane, and threw off all consideration and self-restraint. In a word, she was distinguished by much refinement of wit, and much grace of expression. Sallusts narratives were enlivened with speeches, character sketches, and digressions, and, by skillfully blending archaism and innovation, he created a style of classic status. Texts. Instead of such virtues, we have luxury and avarice, public distress, and private superfluity; we extol wealth, and yield to indolence; no distinction is made between good men and bad; and ambition usurps the honors due to virtue. [51] At the same time, however, he conveyed a "starry-eyed and romantic picture" of the republic before 146BC, with this period described in terms of "implausibly untrammelled virtue" that romanticised the distant past. Slaves, meanwhile, of whom vast numbers had at first flocked to him, he continued to reject, not only as depending on the strength of the conspiracy, but as thinking impolitic to appear to share the cause of citizens with runagates. He saw that their punishment would be a weight upon himself, and their escape the destruction of the Commonwealth. Having, however, formed his resolutions he ordered Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and one Quintus Coeparius of Terracina, who was preparing to go to Apulia to raise the slaves, to be summoned before him. Sallust's Bellum Catilinae (select chapters) 38 terms. But among the Romans there was never any such abundance of writers; for, with them, the most able men were the most actively employed. The consul, when he heard that these things were in agitation, having distributed armed bodies of men, as the circumstances and occasion demanded, called a meeting of the senate, and desired to know what they wished to be done concerning those who had been committed to custody. A full senate, however, had but a short time before declared them traitors to their country. I answer that time, the course of events, and fortune, whose caprice governs nations, may blame it. sallust 3.1-5. Sallust's vivid account of Roman public life shows a Republic in decline, prey to moral corruption and internal strife. They are believed to be either neologisms or intentional revivals of archaic words. Of fear it is unnecessary to speak, when, by the prompt activity of that distinguished man our consul, such numerous forces are under arms, and as to the punishment, we may say, what is indeed the truth, that in trouble and distress, death is a relief from suffering, and not a torment; that it puts an end to all human woes; and that, beyond it, there is no place either for sorrow or joy. This question we shall leave undecided. At last, with a view to dissemble, and under pretence of clearing his character, as if he had been provoked by some attack, he walked into the senate- house. When Lentulus had been let down into this place, certain men, to whom orders had been given, strangled him with a cord. She had frequently, before this period, forfeited her word, forsworn debts, been privy to murder, and hurried into the utmost excesses by her extravagance and poverty. Two Letters to Caesar and an Invective Against Cicero, Sallustian in style, have often been credited, although probably incorrectly, to Sallust; the former title was attributed to him by the 1st-century-ad Roman educator Quintilian. When the republic, however, became powerful, and faction grew strong from the vast number of citizens, men began to involve the innocent in condemnation, and other like abuses were practiced; and it was then that the Porcian and other laws were provided, by which condemned citizens were allowed to go into exile. The Bellum Catilinae presents Sallust's account of events in the year 63 b.c. They displayed animosity, enmity, and resentment only against the enemy. The revolution in style he inaugurated gives him importance. And when they had at length repelled danger by valor, they lent assistance to their allies and supporters, and procured friendships rather by bestowing favors than by receiving them. 3. As a result, his works are very far from the conversational Latin of his time. 46 The affair being thus concluded, a full account of it was immediately transmitted to the consul by messengers. But this Piso, on his march towards his province, was murdered by some Spanish cavalry whom he had in his army. Often, Conscript Fathers, have I spoken at great length in this assembly; often have I complained of the luxury and avarice of our citizens, and, by that very means, have incurred the displeasure of many. For other uses, see, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMellor1999 (. [10][27] This campaign was unsuccessful. 12 terms. [66] Justus Lipsius marked Sallust as the second most notable Roman historian after Tacitus. For before this period, most of the nobility were moved with jealousy, and thought the consulship in some degree sullied, if a man of no family, however meritorious, obtained it. If your courage and fidelity had not been sufficiently proved by me, this favorable opportunity would have occurred to no purpose; mighty hopes, absolute power, would in vain be within our grasp; nor should I, depending on irresolution or ficklemindedness, pursue contingencies instead of certainties. In consequence of these rumors, Quintus Marcius Rex was dispatched, by a decree of the senate, to Faesulae, and Quintus Metellus Creticus into Apulia and the parts adjacent, both which officers, with the title of commanders, were waiting near the city, having been prevented from entering in triumph, by the malice of a cabal, whose custom was to ask a price for everything, whether honorable or infamous. [49] In this, he felt a "pervasive pessimism" with decline that was "both dreadful and inevitable", a consequence of political and moral corruption itself caused by Rome's immense power:[46] he traced the civil war to the influx of wealth from conquest and the absence of serious foreign threats to hone and exercise Roman virtue at arms. 20 When Catiline saw those, whom I have just above mentioned, assembled, though he had often discussed many points with them singly, yet thinking it would be to his purpose to address and exhort them in a body, retired with them into a private apartment of his house, where, when all witnesses were withdrawn, he harangued them to the following effect: The anonymous Invective Against Sallust alleges immorality as the cause, but the real reason may have been politics. 56 During these proceedings at Rome, Catiline, out of the entire force which he himself had brought with him, and that which Manlius had previously collected, formed two legions, filling up the cohorts as far as his numbers would allow; and afterwards, as any volunteers, or recruits from his confederates, arrived in his camp, he distributed them equally throughout the cohorts, and thus filled up his legions, in a short time, with their regular number of men, though at first he had not had more than two thousand. [5], There is no information about Sallust's parents or family,[11] except for Tacitus' mention of his sister. Political turmoil in Rome during the late republic had social and economic causes (not overlooked by Sallust), but essentially it took the form of a power struggle between the aristocratic group in control of the Senate and those senators who enlisted popular support to challenge the oligarchy. All precedents productive of evil effects, have had their origin from what was good; but when a government passes into the hands of the ignorant or unprincipled, any new example of severity, inflicted on deserving and suitable objects, is extended to those that are improper and undeserving of it. [10][29] In late summer 47BC, a group of soldiers rebelled near Rome, demanding their discharge and payment for service. As a writer, Sallust was primarily influenced by the works of the 5th-century BC Greek historian Thucydides. WebTHE WAR WITH CATILINE. The women, also, to whom, from the extent of the empire, the dread of war was new, gave way to lamentation, raised supplicating hands to heaven, mourned over their infants, made constant inquiries, trembled at everything, and, forgetting their pride and their pleasures, felt nothing but alarm for themselves and their country. In 49 Sallust sought refuge with Julius Caesar, and, when the civil war between Caesar and Pompey broke out in that year, he was placed in command of one of Caesars legions. [32] As governor he was so corrupt and avaricious that on his return in late 45 or early 44BC[33] only Caesar's dictatorial influence enabled him to escape conviction on charges of corruption and extortion. The evidence draws moralizing contrasts between Sallusts behaviour and his censorious writings and suggests a source for the ill-gotten wealth that created the splendid Sallustian Gardens (Horti Sallustiani). But it was the young whose acquaintance he chiefly courted; as their minds, ductile and unsettled from their age, were easily ensnared by his stratagems. He was covetous of other mens property, and prodigal of his own. Having then sent away the horses of all the cavalry, in order to increase the mens courage by making their danger equal, he himself on foot, drew up his troops suitably to their numbers and the nature of the ground. [6] His birth date is calculated from the report of Jerome's Chronicon. The entire text with Omissions? 42 Much about the same time there were commotions in Hither and Further Gaul, in the Picenian and Bruttian territories, and in Apulia. Sallust is somewhat limited as a historian; his work shows many instances of anachronisms, inaccuracies, and prejudice; the geography of the Bellum Jugurthinum scarcely reveals personal acquaintance with North Africa; he treats the destruction of Carthage in 146 bc as the beginning of the Roman crisis, whereas symptoms were clearly visible before that date. [74][75] Fronto used ancient words collected by Sallust to provide "archaic coloring" for his works. These parts are said to have been thus distributed. [5][16][17] The "earliest certain information" on his career is his terms as plebeian tribune in 52 BC, the year in which the followers of Milo killed Clodius. On the one hand, there was debt, an inclination for war, and great advantages to be expected from victory; on the other, superior resources, safe plans, and certain rewards instead of uncertain expectations. Had they ever possessed the smallest share of discretion, they would never have engaged in such a plot against their country. [34] His political life influenced his histories, which produced in him a "deep bitterness toward the elite", with "few heroes in his surviving writings". As a plain stretched between the mountains on the left, with a rugged rock on the right, he placed eight cohorts in front, and stationed the rest of his force, in close order, in the rear. 7) was cited and interpreted by theologian Thomas Aquinas and scholar Brunetto Latini. But my ardor for action is daily more and more excited when I consider what our future condition of life must be, unless we ourselves assert our claims to liberty. [69] The core narrative of moral decline prevalent in Sallust's works, is now criticised as crowding out the his own examination of the structural and socio-economic factors that brought about the crisis of the republic while also manipulating historical facts to make them fit his moralistic thesis; he, however, is credited as "a clear-sighted and impartial interpreter of his own age".[70]. , history, and their escape the destruction of the Commonwealth as these the citizens were struck alarm... Had committed many crimes with the spirit of a tribune of the city changed. His birth date is calculated from the person whom I have sent to quell a mutiny among Caesars troops again! His time for other uses, see, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMellor1999 ( to,! Roman Oratory, edited by D. H. Berry and Andrew Erskine, 22746 but he had! Moralists he revealed that Roman politics were not all that official rhetoric depicted them to be either neologisms or revivals! 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